Ba Jin (1904 – 2005) Litterateur Ba Jin (given name Li Yiaotang, courtesy name Feigan, also known as Pei Gan, Yu Yi and Wang Wenhui) was born on November 25, 1904 into a scholarly family of officials in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Enlightened by the May Fourth Movement, he became interested in the ideas of Democracy and Anarchism. Ba Jin studied in English in Chengdu Foreign Language Specialist School before attending the Affiliated High School of South-East University from 1920 to 1927. During that time, he engaged himself in the progressive literature journal Crescent and was an active member in the Equality Society (Jun She), promoting anarchism and fighting against feudalism. In 1927, he left for Paris where he finished his first novelette, Miewang, (“Destruction”) in the following year. In the winter of 1928, Ba Jin returned to China and settled in Shanghai. He wrote The Dead Sun, Reborn, Miners (Shading), Germination (Mengya) and The Love Trilogy which consisted Fog, Rain and Lightning. In 1931, Ba Jin completed and published The Torrents Trilogy. In 1934, he assumed Editor of Literature Quarterly in Beijing and left for Japan in autumn. In 1935, Ba Jin returned China and assumed Editor-in-chief at the Cultural Life Publishing. In 1936, together with other writers including Lu Xun, Ba Jin published ‘The Chinese Artist and Writers Manifesto’ and ‘The Artist and Writer Manifesto on Solidarity against Aggression and For Freedom of Speech’. During the Sino-Japan War (1937-1945), while drifting across China, Ba Jin served as a council member of the National Anti-Japanese Arts and Literature Association in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Guilin and Chongqing. In 1938 and 1940, Ba Jin published Spring and Autumn, the second and the third of his The Torrents Trilogy. Between 1940 and 1945, Ba Jin wrote Fire of the Anti-Aggression Trilogy. He also finished novelettes, Ward Four and Garden of Repose, during the latter part of the Sino-Japan War. In 1946, He completed the novel Cold Nights. In 1949, Ba Jin attended the First National Literator and Artist’s Congress and was elected as the Standing Committee Member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles. In 1950, Ba Jin took the post of Vice Chairman of the Shanghai Federation of Literary and Art Circles. He also visited the frontline in Korea twice during the Korean War. In 1957 Ba Jin started writing under the political guidance due to the political pressure. In 1959, to mark the 10th anniversary of People’s Republic of China, Ba Jin published seven essays including We Will Build Heaven on Earth, Greet the New Brightness and Ultimate Glory. In 1960, Ba Jin was elected as Vice Chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and Vice Chairman of the Chinese Writers’ Association. On May 9, 1962, Ba Jin attended the Second Shanghai Lterators and Artists’ Congress and delivered the opening speech entitled ‘Raise Higher the Red Flag of Mao’s Ideology in Arts and Literary’. He also made speech called ‘Writer’s Courage and Responsibilities’. In 1966, during the Cultural Revolution, Ba Jin was criticized by the Rebel Faction and was confined in a detention center, which was nicknamed the “cowshed”. It marked the beginning of his treatment of cruel persecution and compulsory labor work. In 1967, Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily) and the Shanghai arts and literature circle published a variety of special supplements to criticize Ba Jin. In 1968, Ba Jin was even more severely and widely persecuted. Newspaper such as Wen Hui Bao published many lengthy articles such as ‘Thoroughly Expose the Real Anti-Revolutionary Nature of Ba Jin’ and ‘Condemn and Fight Resolutely against Ba Jin, a Counter-Revolutionary Authority in Arts and Literature Circle’, Jiefang Daily (Liberation Daily) also issued many articles under the headline ‘Thoroughly Criticize Ba Jin, the Enemy of Proletarian Dictatorship’. Since 1969, Ba Jin has copied and recited Inferno from The Divine Comedy of Dante in the “cowshed”. During this period, Wen Hui Bao launched unbridled criticism to attack Ba Jin in articles such as ‘Resolutely Criticize Ba Jin and His Anarchism’ and ‘Thoroughly Criticize Ba Jin’s Poisonous Works of Family, Spring, Autumn’. In 1972, His wife, Xiao Shan, died of illness. During the same year, Ba Jin was allowed to return Shanghai and resume his translation job. From 1978, in Takung Pao, a Hong Kong newspaper, Ba Jin published five volumes of essays entitled Random Thoughts, revealing his life experience and reflection on the Cultural Revolution. They were regarded as “The Consciousness of China”. “I write because I have things to say. I publish because I have debt to pay off. The ten-year catastrophe has taught some people to keep silence while the ten-year blood debts have also made the silent ones cry out repeatedly.” “I have believed in lies, I have spread lies, but I have never struggled with lies. When people lifted it up, I followed closely. When people brought out their God, I kneeled down and prayed. I swallowed doubts and discontentment if I have any. I was even foolish enough to crawl into the magician’s box willingly so that I could to be reborn”. In 1986, in his Random Thoughts, Ba Jin proposed to build a Cultural Revolution Museum, “In order that everyone sees clearly and remembers clearly, it is necessary to build a museum of the "Cultural Revolution," exhibiting concrete and real objects, and reconstructing striking scenes which will testify to what took place on this Chinese soil twenty years ago! … It is only by engraving in our memory the events of the "Cultural Revolution" that we will prevent history from repeating itself, that we will prevent another "Cultural Revolution" from recurring.” In 1985, under Ba Jin’s advocacy, the National Museum of Modern Chinese Literature was built. Ba Jin’s works have been translated into many different languages. From 1982 to 1985, he received Italy Dante International Honorary Award, French Honorary Award and was awarded Honorary Doctorate of Literature of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Bao Pao Sculptor, art and architecture critic Bao Pao was born in 1940 in Changchun city, Jilin Province. Bao Pao joined the Red Guards in the Central Academy of Fine Arts as soon as the Cultural Revolution broke out. In October of 1966, he was engaged in establishing a rebellion organization for Shanghai workers. Later, he was investigated by the government for his involvement in the incident of “questioning Zhang Chunqiao”. Zhang was one of the prominent political leaders during the Cultural Revolution. In 1967, Bao Pao graduated from the Department of Sculpture at the Central Academy of Fine Arts. In 1977, Bao Pao participated in building sculptures for Chairman Mao Memorial Hall. In 1979, Bao Pao carved a series of stone sculptures. Among them, Night is regarded as the first sculpture that influenced by the works of western sculptors such as Henry Moore and Constantin Brancusi in China. In 1980, Bao Pao took part in the second Stars Art Exhibition in the National Gallery in Beijing. The first Stars Art Exhibition was held in September 1979 outside of the Gallery. Together with other non-official art activities, the Stars Art Exhibition marks a new era of artistic awakening. In 1985, Bao Pao established Quyang Environmental Art School in Hebei Province. In 1996, Bao Pao planned and established the Mountain-Forest Sculpture Park in Huairou, Beijing, where he has organized many arts and academic exchange activities covering contemporary art, music, dance, sculpture, literature and architecture. In 2001, Bao Pao criticized stagnancy in development of the public art in China in The Environment of Urban Public Art Forum in Chengdu Province. In 2003, Bao Pao started writing articles in newspapers and magazines, lobbying for the importance of creating contemporary Chinese urban culture and architectural culture. March 2007, Bao Pao’s work was exhibited in “Emulation - Contemporary Sculpture Exhibition of Three Artists” in Wine-Plant TRA International Art Garden in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Bian Zhongyun (1916-1966) Bian Zhongyun, female, born in 1916 in Wuwei County, Anhui Province. In the spring of 1938, Bian moved to Changsha city in Hunan Province due to the relocation of Wuhu Girls High School she attended, and joined the Battlefield Service Group. She then enrolled in the Department of Economics of Yanching University (later merged into Peking University) before transferring to Cheeloo University. In 1941, Bian joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) and moved into the Party’s area with her husband Wang Jinyao. During the Liberation War, Bian worked in the editorial department of People’s Daily for Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and He’nan Provinces. From June 1948, she participated in setting up People’s Daily, an organ under the newly established North China Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. She was one of the few female editors during the wartime. After the establishment of new China, Bian was invited by her comrades to teach at the Affiliated Girls High School of Beijing Normal University. Began with teaching Chinese Literature and Politics, she was later promoted to the positions of teaching supervisor, Deputy Secretary of Party Branch in School, Party Branch Secretary then Vice Principal. In 1966, before the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, she had worked in the school for 17 years and was a mother of four children. On June 1, 1966, three students put up a big-character poster on campus, staging a serious political attack against the school leadership. On June 3, a group that represented the party was sent into the school. “Revolution” swept swiftly across the campus. Some students posted big-character posters on the front door of Bian’s house. A poster on Bian’s bedroom door saying “ Fucking listen up, You, dog-like feudalistic tyrant and venomous Bian: If you ever dare to swagger around and bully the working people, we will pull out your doggy tendon, cut off your doggy head! Dare you even think about staging a comeback, we will kill your offspring, extinct your family line and crush you into pieces.” On June 23, the party representatives convened a school assembly to criticize and denounce Bian. Being pushed up to a platform, she was humiliated mentally and physically. After the assembly, Bian wrote to party leaders asking for protection. In the letter, she declared support for the Cultural Revolution and requested to be free from violence. She wrote, “Under explosive indignation of the public, I was tortured for four, five hours. Wearing a tall hat, forcing to kneel down with head bowed (actually, a 90 degree bow), I was beaten, kicked and pinched. My hands were tied behind my back with ropes. Students poked my backbones with two military training rifles. They stuffed filthy dirt into my mouth and smeared it onto my face. They also spat on my body and in my face.” On the afternoon of August 5, the Red Guards of the school held a “mass denigration gathering”. Five school heads including Bian were taken to the school’s sports field. The Red Guards cut their hair off, splitting ink on their bodies, and putting tall hats on them and hanging signs around their necks saying “Gang of Counter-revolutionary”, “Representative of Three Evils”. They first were forced to kneel down in line to receive public condemnation before parading down the street banging on metal dustpans and shouting repeatedly, “I am a cow monster, a snake demon.” Finally the Red Guards forced them to carry buckets of sand. When Bian was too weak to work - after hours of torture, the Red Guards swarmed in and beat her down to the ground with fists and sticks. They then dragged her all the way to a dormitory building, leaving blood stains all over the white walls in the corridor. The torture and humiliation continued for more than two hours. By 5 pm, Bian, who received the harshest torture, had already lost her consciousness, as well as bladder and bowel control. She passed out on the staircase. Still, a swarm of female Red Guards encircled her, kicked her, threw rubbish on her and shouted, “Stop pretending!” When the denigration gathering eventually came to its end, people from the “Cultural Revolution Organizing Committee” made a call to the city government for further instructions. They were instructed to ask school janitors carrying Bian to the Post Office Hospital across the campus. Bian, by then, was covered with wounds; her eyes slightly opened, and her pupils were already dilated. It was still bright outside; one of the Red Guards thought that it would give the school “a bad reputation” to expose Bian’s condition to the public. Therefore they covered her body with big-character posters and putting a broom atop to hold the posters. It was already 7 pm by the time Bian arrived at the hospital – hours after she died. Bian was the first educator in Beijing became a victim of the Cultural Revolution. The next day, in an attempt to shun the responsibility, the Red Guards of the Affiliated Girls High School demanded an autopsy and doctors’ statement that she died of heart attack, not torture. Wang Jinyao, Bian’s husband, rejected the request for he could not let her to be cut open ruthless after such a tragic death. In the end, under the pressure of the head of the Red Guards, it was written “Cause of Death: Unknown” in her death certificate issued by the hospital. Chai Meichen (1917-1993) Chai was wife of Zhou Mingzhen, the late academician of Chinese Academy of Science, a renowned paleontologist and “Father of Chinese Dinosaurs”. Zhou was awarded the Romer - Simpson Medal which is regarded as the Nobel Prize in paleontology. Chai was deeply influenced by Ba Jin’s work when she was young. The couple later became good friends with Ba Jin. They maintained a very close contact. After receiving his Ph.D. from Princeton University and having been a research fellow there in 1951, Zhou was determined to return to China. “Even it means to get my head chopped off as soon as I landed”. Joining her husband, Chai returned from Taiwan with their two young children, Zhou Ximeng and Zhou Xiqin. Chai and her family suffered a great deal from political persecution during the Cultural Revolution. Zhou had tried to commit suicide several times but was rescued every time. According to one of his students, Zhou was once taken back for further denounced and attacked shortly after he was revived from one of his suicide attempts. To quench his thirst, he even drank the water from a spittoon. In 1968, their eldest son, Zhou Ximeng killed himself by lying down on the railroad tracks. Chai has kept blaming herself for her son’s death for the following 20 year: “Why did I take my children back to die?” Chai was diagnosis of depression in 1990 and was found dead by hanging herself at home on February 26, 1993. Two nights before, she was heard screaming in her dream, shouting, “Ximeng, Ximeng! Mom is coming!” Zhou Ximeng (1940 -1968) Zhou Ximeng is the eldest son of Zhou Mingzhen, the late academician of Chinese Academy of Science, a renowned paleontologist and “Father of Chinese Dinosaurs”. Zhou Ximeng was born in Shapingba District, Chongqing, Sichuan Province in 1940. He went to Taiwan with his parents when he was six years old, and returned to mainland China with his mother four years later. Zhou graduated from Beijing College of Geology (now China University of Geosciences) in 1963 and was later allocated to the101 team of Beijing Geological Exploration Bureau. He stationed at Qianliyuan village of Miyun County at the outskirts of Beijing. In 1968, Because of his account of “Jiang Qing and Chairman Mao held their marriage ceremony in a group wedding”, Zhou was labeled as a “counter-revolutionist” and was confined for investigation. On the morning of December 28, 1968, Zhou put an end to his life by lying down on the railroad tracks at the Qianliyuan village section of the Jing-Cheng Railway Line. He was 28 years old and left behind his wife and a six-month-old daughter. His body was buried on an unnamed hillside near the tracks. A watch that was crushed and deformed by the steel wheels of the train was his only relic left for his family. Until today, there are still blood stains on the watch. Zhou’s wife, Long Yuying, was born in Singapore in 1938. Influenced by the Chinese Communist propaganda, she ran away from home and come to China for the first time at the age of sixteen. She met Zhou Ximeng in Beijing College of Geology. They then worked in the same geological exploration team. They were married in 1966 and their daughter, Zhou Liyin, was born a year later. In 1972, Long Yuying tried to return to Singapore via Hong Kong. She and her 5-year-old daughter were trapped in Hong Kong for the Singapore government refused to receive any of its citizens returning from a communist country. She ended up working as a maid to raise her daughter in Hong Kong. While seeking U.S. refugee status in the US embassy in Hong Kong, the visa officer sobbed upon hearing her story and granted her a visa right on the spot. Long has never remarried since then. For Long, driving on the highway has always been an unconquerable challenge because of her speed phobia. Chen Yaowen Chen Yaowen was born on March 14, 1960 in Tanggemu Farm, one of the largest labor reform camps in Hainan Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Qinghai Province. At three years old, he was sent back to his father’s hometown in Zhao Village in Wuzhi County of He’nan Province, where he was raised by his grandparents. In the winter of 1966, he returned to live with his parents. In the spring of 1967, Chen moved to Xi’ning, the capital of Qinghai Province with his parents, brother and sister and went Xi’ning Nanshanlu Elementary School. During the Cultural Revolution, he joined the Little Red Guard, the Red Guard, and the Communist Youth League. In school, he was chosen to be the Vice Class President, the Class President and Party Branch Secretary. He became a platoon leader in the militia and a member of Xi’ning 11th High School Youth Corp Committee. He witnessed armed fights between different political factions. He touched the half-shaven head of humiliated members of the Royalist faction; he witnessed massive parade and participated the denigration gathering organized by the Residents’ Committee. With the help of his father’s social network, Chen joined the army and became a trainee at the Fourth Hospital of People’s Liberation Army in Qinghai Province. In the early years of his military career, he served as a movie projectionist, a leader of laundry services and a hygiene instructor. In the summer of 1979, Chen participated in entrance exams of the local university and military academy. He won the first place in the exam of Qinghai Military District, but was rejected by the Fourth Military Medical Institute due to his poor eyesight. In 1980, Chen passed the entrance exam and enrolled in laboratory science of the Military Medical School in Lanzhou Military District. In April of 1982, Chen joined the Communist Party. After being graduated from the medical school in August, Chen was promoted to be an army officer, ranking in administrative level 23 and as platoon leader in military-level. He was then allocated to work as a laboratory technician in the military hospital which his school was affiliated with. In the meantime, he studied Chinese literature assiduously. In August of 1985, Chen published a serial of poems entitled ‘Long Live Soldiers’ in People’s Liberation Army Daily. A few months later, he went, as a propagandist, to the frontline of Laoshan battlefield of the China-Vietnam War. He was appointed as an editor at a frontline military tabloid, “Intense Attack”. Chen also set up the Laoshan Spirit Poetry Society, where he served as director and published numerous poems and essays. In May of 1987, he returned to Shaanxi Province with the army. At the end of 1990, Chen started his TV broadcasting career in the military. The TV crew he led in the 47th Army Group won the first prize in TV reporting in the People’s Liberation Army in 1991. In August, 1992, China Central TV (CCTV) aired a special report, entitled ‘Report from 600 Meters Under’ that he produced national wide. It won the first prize in the national army news, the first prize in national TV news. Additionally, he was awarded with a second-class merit from the army. In January of 1994, Chen joined CCTV as a reporter in ‘Focus’, a 10-minute segment in ‘Oriental Horizon’, a popular news magazine. In April of 1994, Chen worked in CCTV as reporter, cameraman and editor for ‘Focus Interview’, a segment in ’Oriental Horizon’. In the following years, Chen was involved in producing and reporting a series of important news nationally and internationally. Among them are 1997 handover of Hong Kong, The construction of Three Gorges dam, the success in hosting the Beijing 2008 Olympics Games, The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the Gulf War, the Palestinian elections, the arrest of Saddam Hussein. The news programs have won him China News Award. Chen’s documentary on the ‘December 8th fire disaster in Karamay of Xinjiang’ produced in December 1994 couldn’t be aired for some reasons. Chen, however, published four detailed reports with pictures on his blog under the title of ‘Belated Report – A Behind-the-Scenes Story of Karamay on December 8’ 12 years later. In August of 1997, Chen was discharged from the army as Lieutenant Colonel. Chen Yinke (1890-1969) A scholar with knowledge of an encyclopedia. Chen Yinke was born in Yining County (now Xiushui County) in Jiangxi Province. His grandfather, Chen Baozhen, was the governor of Hunan Province and a proponent of the Hundred Days’ Reform during the Qing Dynasty. His father, Chen Sanli, was a notable poet also in late Qing Dynasty. Chen was educated at home by private tutors during his childhood. He was greatly exposed to all the classical Chinese literature and history. In his youth, Chen went abroad and studied in Japan, Europe and the U.S. He traveled extensively and studied for years in Berlin, Zurich, Paris as well as at Harvard. He learnt more than 10 languages, including Mongolian, Tibetan, Manchu, Japanese, Sanskrit, English, French, German, Pali, Persian, Turkic, Tangut, Latin, and Greek. He was particularly versed in Pali and Sanskrit. Chen returned to China in 1925 and was a professor at the National Literature Research Institute of Tsinghua School. In June of 1926, Chen, Liang Qichao, Zhao Yuanren and Wang Guowei were honored as the “Tsinghua’s Great Four Tutors”. After Tsinghua School was renamed Tsinghua University in 1928, Chen became professor in the Department of History and the Department of Chinese Language and Literature. He also lectured in Peking University. After 1930, Chen also took positions as member of Council at the Academia Sinica, director at the Institute of History and Philology at the Academia Sinica, member of the National Palace Museum Council, and member of its Qing Dynasty Archive Committee. In July of 1937 when the Sino-Japanese War broke out, Chen’s father, Chen Sanli, died during a patriotic hunger strike protesting the Japanese invasion. In the autumn of 1938, Chen Yinke moved to Kunming of Yunnan Province following the relocation of the National Southwest Associated University. In the spring of 1939, Chen was invited as Chinese Professor by Oxford University. Had he made it to Oxford, he would have been the first Chinese teaching full-time there. He, however, was forced to stay in Hong Kong due the outbreak of the World War II. He then served as a guest professor and Chair of the Chinese Literature Department at the University of Hong Kong. After Japan occupied Hong Kong in 1941, Chen immediately quitted lecturing and stayed at home. He rejected a 400,000-Japanese-Yuan job offered by the Japanese government to set up the Eastern Literature Institute. In the spring of 1942, he left Hong Kong to teach first at Guangxi University, then Yanching University. When some scholars in Guilin tried to butter up Chiang Kai-Shek by presenting him nine tripods (bronze vessels), he composed poems satirizing them. During that time, Chen published two monographs on Tang Dynasty, A Draft Study of the Origins of Sui-Tang Institutions and A Draft Study of the Political History of Tang Dynasty. In 1945, Chen Yinke was invited by Oxford University again and was elected as a Foreign Academician by British Royal Academy of Sciences. Chen Yinke, who was prevented by blindness from taking up his appointment in Oxford, returned and taught at Tsinghua University in 1946. In 1948, Chen refused the teaching invitation to Taiwan and Hong Kong from Fu Sinian, Director of the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica. The Academia Sinica was then relocated to Taiwan by the Komingtang (KMT) Party. Instead, Chen chose to teach at Lingnan University in Guangzhou. He published Yuanbai Poems Study Manuscript in 1950; taught at Sun Yat-sen University also in Guangzhou in 1952; and became Member of Chinese Academy of Social Science in 1955. With the help from his assistants, Chen, in his later days, compiled Hanliu Tang Collection and Jinming Guan Collection as well as in his Liu Rushi Biezhuan (additional supplement to the biography of Liu Rushi), which consisted over 800,000 characters. In 1953, the Historical Research of the Central Committee decided to set up three historical research institutes - the Remote Ages, the Middle Ages and the Modern Ages - in the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The committee proposed to appoint Chen as Director for the Institute of the Middle Ages. On December 1, 1953, in his letter of ‘A reply to the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Chen raised two prerequisite conditions for the proposed offer, “First, allow the Middle Ages Institute be independent from Marxism and be free from political studies. Second, a written approval of the above request from either Mr. Mao (Zedong) or Mr. Liu (Shaoqi)”. He added, “Mr. Mao is the uttermost authority in the government and Mr. Liu is holds highest position in the Party. I’m convinced that the authority should share my point-of-view, and, should agree with me. Without this prerequisite, it is impossible to do any academic research”. In the end, he did not take the offer. Chen refused to become a representative of the National People’s Congress. Although he agreed to accept the position as Deputy Director of the Central Literature and History Research Institute, he never took office. He was Member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Standing Committee member of CPPCC, but Chen never attended any of their meetings. He scolded furiously his close friends, who had joined democratic parties or factions, “no integrity, disgrace”. He described their behavior as “walking right into a trap”. In 1958, denigrated as “the largest white flag in Sun Yat-Sen University”, Chen was prosecuted and forced to stop lecturing. He then wrote to the President of the university saying, “Firstly, I insist not to give lectures any more. Secondly, I request an immediate retirement and move out of the campus”. The next year, in response to those who tried to change his mind, he simply said, “Only with a promise from either Chairman Mao or Premier Zhou for no more criticism, shall I resume lecturing”. In 1967, facing serious criticism and humiliation during the Cultural Revolution, Chen made the following statement, “First, I’ve never in my life done anything harmful to people. I’ve been a teacher for forty years and been devoting myself in teaching and writing. I’ve never engaged in administration. Second, Chen Xujing and I are not very close. Our relationship is merely that of President to Professor. I’ve lived with blindness for over twenty years and a broken leg for six years, I never visited anyone. Third, I have already confessed all my social networks to the authority of Sun Yat-Sen University”. Chen was cruelly tortured and persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. He passed away in Guangzhou on October 7, 1969. Throughout his life, Chen was devoted in the promotion of his sentiment toward an intellectual – “freedom in thinking and independence in sprit”. Chen Yonggui (1914-1986) Born in Xiao’nanshan Village, Xiyang County in Shanxi Province in 1914, Chen Yonggui joined the Communist Party of China in 1948. In 1952, Chen became the Party Branch Secretary of Dazhai production brigade. Chen led the village and carried out farmland reform by creating stable, productive and high-yield terraced fields on the mountains that enabled self-sustainability of the commune. Chen was afterwards awarded as model labor of Shanxi Province. In February of 1960, the Shanxi Province Party Committee chose Chen as a model worker and promoted his successful management experience in agricultural production to the rest of the province. In the summer of 1963, Dazhai Village was seriously flooded. Chen advocated the principles of self-reliance and refused outside aids. He promoted a slogan of “Three Noes and Three Sames” -- “No relief food from the state, no relief funds from the state, no relief supplies from the state ; Same food ration to the commune members, Same salary to the commune members, Same required amount of grain supply to the central government.” In November of 1963, in an announcement issued by the Shanxi Province Party Committee, Dazhai and Chen were held up as a model for the rest of the provinces to follow. The fame of Dazhai reached its new height in the early 60’s. In March of 1964, while Chairman Mao inspected the progress of socialist education in countryside, he instructed Zhou Enlai to investigate Dazhai. At the end, both Shanxi Party Secretary, Tao Lujia and the Agriculture Minister, Liao Luyan produced positive reports about Dazhai and Chen. In December, Zhou Enlai affirmed the achievements of Dazhai in his report in the First Session of the Third National People’s Congress, where Chen was invited to attend. On December 26, Chen was also invited to Chairman Mao’s birthday banquet. At the end of 1964, Chairman Mao summoned the rest of the nation to “learn from Dazhai”. In January, 1965, Chairman Mao presided over the compilation of ‘Issues raised from the Socialist Education Movement in the countryside’ (“23 Articles” in short). This was the first time that “Learn from Dazhai” was held up nationally in a written document from central government. “Learn from Dazhai”, as a national campaign, reached its height. In the following some ten years, as many as 7,100,000 visitors from 21 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China including party and country leaders came to this famous village in Shanxi Province to “learn from Dazhai”. Zhou Enlai climbed up to Hutou Mountain in Dazhai three times while Guo Moruo considered Hutou Mountain as his final destination in life. To many counties, especially the third-world countries, Dazhai was nearly deemed as “Mecca” in the agriculture industry. In January of 1967, Chen participated in the Rebellion Faction of the Cultural Revolution and took over the political power from Shanxi Party Committee and the provincial government. In February, as commander in chief, Chen seized power over the Provincial Party Committee. In March, Chairman Mao appointed him as Vice Chairman of Shanxi Revolutionary Committee. In 1969, nominated by Chairman Mao, Chen was elected as Member of the Central Committee at the Ninth National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. In August, 1970, Chen further introduced his experience in purging the “Five Bad Elements”. This started another wave of “Learning from Dazhai” movement nationally. In 1971, Nominated by Chairman Mao, Chen was elected as the province’s Vice Party Secretary at the First Session of the Third Party Conference of Shanxi Province. In 1973, Chen was elected as Member of the Central Committee of the Tenth National Congress. He was also elected, through Chairman Mao’s nominated, as Member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. At the end of 1973, Chen resigned from his post as the Dazhai Party Branch Secretary. In the same year, Xiyang County, where Dazhai is located, was found to have falsely reported up to 89.79 million catty (equals to 44,900 tons) in harvest. In 1975, nomination by both Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, Chen was appointed Vice Premier of the State Council to be in charge of agriculture. Since then, he had traveled across China applying the Dazhai spirits. He was later described as the “White-towel-head Vice Premier”, “Commoner Vice Premier” and “Illiterate Vice Premier”. In December of 1976, Chen made a report entitled ‘Thoroughly Condemn the Gang of Four, Arouse New Passion in the Popularization of the Dazhai Spirits’ at the second conference on “Learn from Dazhai”. In 1977, for the third time, Chen was re-elected as Member of the Central Committee of the Eleventh National Congress and Member of the Political Bureau. In February of1978, Chen was re-appointed as Vice Premier of the State Council at First Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress. In 1979, He was dismissed from the position of Party Secretary of Xiyang County Committee. In September of 1980, Chen resigned from the positions of Member of the Political Bureau and Vice-Premier of the State Council. In 1982, Chen failed to be re-elected as Representative of the Twelfth National People’s Congress. In September of the same year, Chen failed to be re-elected as Member of the Political Bureau at the Twelfth National People’s Congress. In 1983, the central government approved Chen’s request to be an advisor at Dongjiao Farm in Beijing. Chen died in Beijing in March of 1986. Dong Hao Dong Hao was born in April of 1956 in Beijing. His ancestral home is Fengrun village of Tangshan city, Hebei Province. Influenced by his father, Dong Jingshan, who was an artist of calligraphy and Chinese ink painting, Dong Hao had developed a strong interest for the same since his childhood. In November of 1960, Dong’s family fell on hard time after the sudden death of his father. Dong then vowed to work hard and inherit his father’s achievement and lifetime endeavors in painting so as to support the family as early as possible. During the Cultural Revolution, Dong was a third-grade student in the First Affiliated Primary School of Xicheng Normal College of Beijing. Due to his family background, he and his family were labeled as “capitalists” and therefore “bore with heavy burden in thinking”. Between the age of 17 and 21, Dong was a primary school art teacher and a middle school Chinese literature teacher. As he recalled, “I spent most of my spare time in art and vocal practice. I think about how to change my destiny in every moment of my life.” In 1977, being considered as a “reform-able child of the exploiting class,” Dong was selected by Radio Beijing as an announcer with excellent audition results. Dong was an excellent announcer in news, feature programs, arts and literary programs. In 1987, Dong transferred to China Central Television (CCTV) as a program host. At end of 1989, Dong Hao appeared on the television screen. He had immersed himself in children’s TV programs for years and was known as the “Nation’s First Uncle”. He also launched a children’s program of “Ludicrous Head and Uncle Dong”, successfully featured puppets as co-hosts. From 1996 onwards, Dong appeared in ‘Big Wind Mill’ as “Wind Mill King”. He also played the role of “Dong Du Du” in ’Campus Comedy’. In addition, Dong also hosted a few hundred episodes of ‘Open, Sesame Open’, which was very popular among young children and high school students. Additionally, Dong hosted special live variety shows including ’Children’s Day Special Show’, ’MTV’, ‘Karaoke Contest’ and ‘Campus Fashions -National Entertainment Show for Pupils and Students’. At the end of 1993, collaborating with the Communist Youth League, Dong wrote a proposal of ’Establishment a National Children’s TV Station’, which was submitted to the central government under the name of the Communist Youth League. Beginning in 1997, Dong planned ’Stories of Grandpa Deng Xiaoping’, which was published on June 1, 1998 and became a key nominee for the Best Publication Prize in the national “Five Firsts” competition on literary and artistic works. In 1998, Along with National Children’s Work Coordination Committee and Chinese Teenagers News, Dong launched ’From Uncle Dong: Wish Children A Great Achievement’, a CD and Stamp Collection Album, featuring 6 traditional morality tales and 6 patriotic songs. In recent years, Dong has been devoted to the compilation of children’s books such as ‘New Monkey King’, ‘Interesting Stories from Three Kingdoms’, ‘A Joke King’ and so on. He has published more than one million characters. Dong produced and hosted hundreds of audio and video programs including ‘Interesting Animal Stories’, ‘Monkey King Stories – A Complete Edition’, ‘Songs from Uncle Dong’. Dong is dubbed “Story King” and “The No. 2 Sun Jinxiu”. Feng Youlan (1895-1990) Feng (courtesy name Zhi Sheng) is a philosopher, historian of philosophy and educator. He was born on December 4, 1985 into a scholarly family in Tanghe, Nanyang County of He’nan Province. He began education at home by private tutors. In 1909, he passed exams and enrolled in Kaifeng Public School in Zhongzhou. He studied in the college preparatory class at the Chinese Public School of Shanghai in 1912 before majoring in philosophy at Peking University in 1915. After his graduation from Peking University in 1918, Feng returned to Kaifeng and held a teaching position at He’nan Preparatory School for Overseas Studies and the Provincial Normal School. Influenced by the May Fourth Movement, Feng and his friends published a magazine ‘Voice from Heart’ to promote new culture. In 1919, Feng traveled to the United States and studied western philosophy at Colombia University. In 1924, He earned his doctoral degree in philosophy from Columbia University with his dissertation A Comparative Study of Life Ideals. After his return to China, Feng took up teaching positions at He’nan Zhongzhou University, Sun Yet-Sen University, Yenching University, Tsinghua University and Southwest Associated University. During this time, Feng affirmed his belief in pragmatism in his work A Philosophy of Life, which was adopted as the high school textbook in 1924. Later, he further combined pragmatism with Cheng-Chu Neo-Confucianism. While lecturing the history of Chinese philosophy at Yegching University, Feng published two volumes of History of Chinese Philosophy in 1931 and 1934 respectively. The books later were used as textbooks in the university. In 1946, Feng traveled to the U.S. again and took up a post as a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1947, He taught as a visiting professor at University of Hawaii and received Honorary Doctorate in Literature from Princeton University. Upon his return to China in 1948, Feng became professor and Chairman of University Council Meeting of Tsinghua University. He taught at Peking University from 1952 when the university was reorganized and kept the teaching post till his death in 1990. Feng also served as Member of Assessment Committee at Academia Sinica, Academic Committee, and Member of Standing Committee at Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as Member of Standing Committee of the State Council of People’s Republic of China. Feng has once concluded his academic achievement in six philosophical books that he had produced in the 1930’s and 1940’s, namely New Rational Philosophy (1937), New Treatise on the Way of Life (1940), New Treatise on the Theory of Knowledge (1940), New Treatise on the Nature of Man (1942), New Treatise on the Nature of Tao (1945), New Treatise on the Understanding of Words (1947). His A Short History of Chinese Philosophy was written in English in the 40’s and it has been translated into different languages including French, Italian, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Japanese, Korean and Chinese. Over decades, this book has been a textbook in learning Chinese philosophy used in the universities around the world. Feng’s philosophical position is based on the Cheng-Zhu school of Neo-Confucianism in the 12th Century. He further developed and analyzed them using the tools of western philosophical reasoning. He is then able to construct a new philosophical system of rational Neo-Confucianism making him the most influential philosopher in his time. After the establishment of new China, Feng repudiated Neo-Confucianism. He began to study Marxism and tried to fit it in the history of Chinese philosophy. Since 1959, Feng had stared to adopt in his books and his research the Marxist ideas of the class struggle, materialism and idealism, dialectics and metaphysics. During the Cultural Revolution, Feng was harshly attacked as “reactionary academic authority”. He was purged and humiliated in big-character posters and in mass rallies. He was beaten to the ground. His house was seized and his salary was cut. At last, he was detained. In 1968, under Mao’s instruction, Feng was allowed to return and live at home. In 1974, Feng, Zhou Yiliang and Wei Jiangong were appointed as advisers to the critic team of Tsinghua University and Peking University. They published articles and books criticizing Confucian and Lin Biao to fit into the ideology and political climate of the Cultural Revolution. From 1977 till 1979, the critic team of the two universities was labeled as “counter-revolutionary” and was condemned. Being labeled as a “fence-sitter”, Feng was again interrogated, attacked and humiliated. In 1981, at the age of 86, Feng dictated and managed to finish his memoir, San Song House of Philosophy Memo. In the preface, he recalled his life of the past thirty years, “I had no intention to pursue truth. What I said was full of claptrap. I set up a model of hypocrisy, instead of authenticity.” Feng died of illness in Beijing on November 26, 1990, aged 95. Gu Zhun (1915-1974) Intellectual and economist Gu Zhun was born into a trader’s family in Shanghai on July 1, 1915. After his family declined in 1927, Gu worked as an apprentice at Lixin Accounting Firm. The firm was owned by Pan Xulun, who was regarded as “Father of Modern Accounting in China”. At the age of 14, Gu published Senior Bookkeeping Exercise through Commercial Press. At 17, he became the director at Lixin Accounting School and published China’s first publication of Accounting. In 1934, Gu Published Banking Accounting, China’s first study aids on the subject. He further published Elementary Commercial Bookkeeping Textbooks, Basic Bookkeeping, Limited Company Accounting, Accounting Systems of Chinese Banks, Principles and Practices of Income Tax and Accounting System of Chinese Government and so on. In February of 1935, Gu joined the Communist Party of China (CPC). In October of the same year, he fled to Beiping (previous name for Beijing) after the destruction of the Military Defense Society, a Marxist organization Gu had participated. In February, 1936, Gu returned to Shanghai from Beiping. He was appointed as Party Secretary at the Patriotic League of Shanghai Business Society., Occupation Committee Secretary as well as Jiangsu Province Party Secretary and Publicity Director for Jiangsu Province. In August, 1940, Gu left Shanghai for an anti-Japanese base in southern Jiangsu. By then, he was already a senior leader in Lixin Accounting Firm, taught at the University of Shanghai and St. John’s University, an American Christian university. He was nicked name “The NO. 2 Pan Xulun“. In March of 1943, Gu traveled to Yan’an for further study at the Central Party School of the CPC. After the surrender of Japan, Gu was sent back to Eastern China. Before the People’s Liberation Amy took over Shanghai, he was appointed Leader of Qingzhou General Brigade (a team of communist cadres) and part of the preparation team for taking over Shanghai from the Kuomintang (KMT) party. In October, 1949, People’s Republic of China was founded. Gu returned to Shanghai with Chen Yi (the first mayor of Shanghai appointed by the Chinese Communist government) and took posts in the government as Director of Shanghai Financial Bureau and Director of Shanghai Tax Bureau, Vice Director of Financial Department of Eastern China Military Committee, Deputy Supervisor of Shanghai Finance and Economy Commission. During that time, he successfully took back some well-known properties from foreigners through the levy of the land value tax, such as the Racecourse and the Sassoon House. In 1952, during the “Three-Anti” campaign (anti-corruption, anti-waste and anti- bureaucracy), Gu did not agree with the Central Party Committee’s policy in the practice of tax levy. As a result, he was dismissed from all his official posts both in the party and the government before being sent out of Shanghai. In 1953, he was posted in Beijing as Financial Secretary in the China Central Construction Bureau, and later Deputy Director in Luoyang Construction Bureau. In 1956, Gu assumed Research Fellow at the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Science, and wrote On Commercial Production and the Theory of Value under Socialism. He was the first to advocate socialist market economy at the time when the dogma of communism was predominant the country. During the Anti-Rightist Campaign in 1958, Gu was branded as a Rightist. He was expelled from the Party and sent to the countryside to do manual labor. He was repetitively criticized and humiliated in the public. In 1962, he returned to the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Science and was engaged in the research of Accounting. In 1965, due to one of his nephew’s “confession”, Gu was brand marked as an extreme “Rightist” by Kang Sheng. After four-month isolation and investigation, Gu was officially labeled as Rightist again. In 1966, Gu was sent to do labor works in a construction site at Dahanji village of Zhoukoudian District in Beijing. He was beaten and kicked while his head was half shaved (as a huge denigrated punitive treatment in China at that time). Finally he was sent back to Beijing after being seriously wounded. Gu arrived in Beijing only to face another wave of critics from the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Science. In order to keep his position as a historian observer, Gu had no choice but accept all the charges and accusations from the Rebellion Faction. He admitted that he was a reactionary and should never be pardoned. And he promised to do his best to remold himself and return to the track of Mao’s revolutionary doctrine. In the same year, Gu was forced to divorce his wife and sign papers to sever ties with his children. In April of 1968, Gu’s wife, Wang Bi, ended the unbearable persecution by committing suicide. In 1969, Gu was taken to the “May 7th Reform Farm”. According to his former farm-mates, Gu was the most adamant anti-revolutionist. Even after cruel torture from the Rebellion Faction, Gu still shouted, “I can’t accept it!” In 1972, Gu retuned to Beijing. He began to write and probe into questions such as “What shall we do after Nara left?” seeking answers for the proletarian class after taking over the power. He examined, interpreted and forecasted on China’s future reforms in the 20th and the 21st century and pluralistic modern society models. All these discourses were later collected in Greek City-States and From Idealism to Empiricism. These books, published in the 80’s, were widely used in the universities. Early November in 1974, Gu was hospitalized for his incessant coughing with blood. His mother, whom he had not seen for more than a decade, couldn’t make it to the hospital in time to see him before he died from lung cancer on December 3, 1973. On the death bed, the government rejected his final request of seeing his children. Guo Shiying (1942-1968) Guo Shiying, born in 1942, was the third child to Guo Moruo (famous Chinese scholar) and Yu Liqun. . Guo Shiying studied at Beijing 101 Middle School which was noted for the key constituent of the student body being children of senior government officials. During his school years, Guo was a “three goods” student (good in academic performance, self-discipline and physical capability) and was a member of the Model Youth League. He was regarded as a leading example for children from official families. After graduating from middle school, Guo enrolled at China Foreign Affairs University. Due to his misaligned ideology, however, Guo later transferred to study in philosophy at Peking University after a short recess from China Foreign Affairs University. At the end of 1962 during his study in Peking University, Guo and his middle school classmates, Zhang Heci and Sun Jingwu jointly organized the underground “X Poetry Society”, through which they wished to exchange poems, thoughts and “freely express” themselves. In the summer of 1963, the Society was exposed. Premier Zhou Enlai was instructed to step in and investigate. Just less than one year after Guo enrolled in Peking University, Zhang and Sun were sentenced to two-year labor remolding education. Guo received a lighter sentence and was sent separately to a farm located in the inundant area of the Yellow River in He’nan Province for labor reform. There he had developed his interests in agriculture. In the autumn of 1965, to live up to the expectation of his parents, Guo returned to Beijing and studied at Beijing Agricultural University. Initially, he planned to go back to the farm after graduation. However, the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution in less than a year after his return to Beijing changed his plan. During the Cultural Revolution, Guo once made remarks that Mao’s thought should also be divided into two, and that the “eight model plays” surely could be improved. Adding to that, he was said to have been involved in an espionage conspiracy when he was heard talking in English with his girlfriend over the phone. In March of 1968, a group of people from “Eastern Red”, the school’s rebellious organization, kidnapped Guo and set up an illegal court to interrogate him on his involvement in the case of “X Poetry Society” that took place five year ago. On the morning of April 22, Guo jumped out from a window of a room located at the third floor of a building where he was kept. He died, at the age of 26. Guo Moruo later expressed his full regret in a letter saying,”I persuaded him to return to Beijing from the farm. It was like pulling a sprout out of the soil. Now I’ve learned what it is like.” Just a year before the tragedy, Guo Minying, another son of Guo Moruo, also quietly ended his 24-year of life without leaving any notes. Zhou Guoping, a philosopher and a classmate of Guo Shiying at Peking University, commented, “Even half of a century has gone by after his suicide, among those I’ve met in my life, I consider Guo Shiying a man with greatest charismatic personality.” Hao Ran Writer Hao Ran was born Liang Jinguang on March 25 in 1932. He is also known as Bai Xue and Pan Shan. Hao Ran was born into a poor miner’s family in Zhagezhang mining area of Kailuan County. Hao Ran lost his father when he was a child. At the age of eight or nine, he moved with his mother to his uncle’s home in Wangjisu village of Jixian County in Hebei Province. His mother died when he was only thirteen. Before thirteen, Hao Ran spent three years in formal primary education and half a year with private tutors. He joined revolution when he reached fourteen and became the leader of the Children’s League. In November of 1948, Hao Ran joined the Communist Party of China. “Hao Ran” was an anonymity given to cover his work for the Communist Party. In 1949, while Hao Ran began his work for the Youth League, he also made efforts to study literature. He learned to write plays, poems and news. In 1953, he was transferred to the position as education officer of Prefecture Party School in Tongxian County. Hao Ran later participated in the implementation of group purchase and distribution policy and joined the agricultural cooperative movement. The eight-year experience living with the grassroots has provided him a rich resource for his literary works in his latter life. In 1954, Hao Ran was appointed as reporter for Hebei Daily. In September, 1956, he was transferred to Beijing as a reporter for a Russia-edition newspaper, Friendship Newspaper. In November of the same year, Hao Ran published in ‘Beijing Wen Yi’ (Beijing Literature and Arts) his maiden novelette, A Magpie Chicks on Branch. In the following years, Hao Ran published series of novelettes depicting people and life in villages. In October of 1959, He joined Chinese Writers’ Association. In 1961, he was transferred to be editor of Literature and Arts edition of the Red Flag magazine. At the end of 1962, Hao Ran began to write a multi-volume novel Bright Sunny Days, a story based on his experience in Changle of Shandong Province. The novel reflected the agricultural cooperative movement in China. In 1964, Hao Ran published the first volume of the novel. He was transferred to Beijing Federation of Literary and Arts, and became a professional writer in October of the same year. In 1965, Hao Ran published the second and the third volume of Bright Sunny Days. As soon as Bright Sunny Days was published, it received great resonance among the literature circles as well as villagers nationwide. The immense popularity of the novel was seen in people’s communes where the novel was wrapped in red silks and satins, and was presented as a gift among the villagers as a token of friendship. In 1966, with the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, Han Ran was appointed Vice Chairman of Beijing Preparatory Committee for the Cultural Revolution. After the committee was dismissed, Han Ran was sent to the countryside to receive remolding education. His writing career had since then been disrupted for 5 years. In May 1971, Hao Ran was relocated back to Beijing and continued writing. In 1972, Hao Ran published his second novel The Golden Road, which was later dubbed as “Model Novel of the Cultural Revolution”. He also published a novelette Wind from Yang Liu Village, and children’s stories Scholar Tree Blossoms in July. Hao Ran earned his fame quickly and became the “writer” referred as the “Eight Model Plays and One Writer” during the Cultural Revolution. In 1973, Hao Ran attended the Tenth National Congress of the Communist Party as a Party Representative. In 1974, he wrote a novelette Children of Xisha serving for political propaganda. In 1976, as the only representative from the literature circles, Hao Ran was among the some 200 members of the Funeral Committee that took deathwatch for Chairman Mao. In 1977, Hao Ran was appointed as Member of Beijing Revolutionary Committee. In 1978, Hao Ran was disqualified as Representative at the opening session of the Fifth National People’s Congress. He was accused of being a key advocate to the Gang of Four. Some writers even urged People’s Daily to join their criticism against Hao Ran. In 1979, Hao Ran took part in the Fourth National Writers’ Conference. In the following years, he traveled over 100 counties across China and met with more than a thousand of grassroots farmers and government officials. He produced works of more than 2.1 million characters. In the winter of 1986, Hao Ran and his wife settled in Sanhe County of Hebei Province. He took up a position as Vice Governor and later, Governor of Jialing town to gain more experience in the countryside. In 1987, he published a novel The Mundane World, reflecting the great changes of the agricultural society during its transition time. In February of 1990, The Mundane World won the Excellent Literature Prize from Beijing Government in the 40th Anniversary of People’s Republic of China celebration. The novel also won the Top Prize at the First Chinese People Literature Prize competition. In 1990, Hao Ran was appointed Chairman of the newly established Sanhe Federation of Literary and Arts. At the same time, he made efforts to promote the “Green Project of Literature and Arts” in Sanhe County. In 1991, Hao Ran published a quarterly magazine of ‘Literature of the Mundane World’. In 1999, Bright Sunny Days was selected among the Centennial Hundred Best Novels by Hong Kong Asia Weekly, for its in-depth and vivid depiction of a true rural life in China. In 2000, though seriously ill, Hao Ran completed the dictation of his 260,000-word autobiographical novel My Life. Additionally, he also published an autobiographical trilogy of Happy Land, Life Springs and The Complete Dream. On November 11, 2002, Hao Ran suffered a relapse of ischemic stroke and was hospitalized. He has been in a deep coma ever since. Hu Feng (1902-1985) Modern literary theorist, poet, literary translator Hu Feng was born Zhang Guangren in Jichun County, Hubei Province. From 1920, Hu studied at the middle schools in Wuchang and Nanjing. During this period, he was exposed to new literature from the May Fourth Movement. Hu was admitted into the college preparatory class at Peking University in 1925. One year later, he was enrolled into the English Department of Tsinghua University. Soon after his entrance, he discontinued schooling and returned to the countryside to participate in revolutionary movements. Hu once worked for the propaganda and cultural department of the Kuomingtang Party (the Nationalist party). Hu studied in Japan in 1929. In 1933, Hu was deported by the Japanese government for his involvement in organizing anti-Japanese cultural organization among overseas Chinese students. Once returned to Shanghai, Hu Feng took office as Propaganda Director and Executive Secretary of China’s Leftist Writers Federation, and developed close contact with Lu Xun. In 1935, Hu compiled and edited Sawdust, a secretively circulated journal. In the following year, Hu co-edited Haiyan, a literary journal, and wrote ‘What does the Masses Expect from Literature?’ proclaiming the slogan of “Mass Literature for National Revolution”. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Hu became the chief editor for July magazine. He edited and compiled July – A Collection of Poems and July – A Collection of Literature, and was devoted in promoting newly emerging literati. His contribution has made a significant impact on the formation and development of the July school in modern literary history. Hu was Member of Standing Committee of the National Anti-Japan Association of the Artistic circles, who was also the director of its research department. He traveled to Hankou, Chongqing, Hong Kong and Guilin, and was actively involved in cultural movements against the Japanese invasion. From 1949, Hu was an editor on editorial committee of People’s Literature, and became a member of China’s Literary Federation, a member of China’s Writers Association, and a representative for the First National People’s Congress. On June 8, 1952, People’s Daily published Shu Wu’s article titled ‘Study from the basics - Chairman Mao’s Talks at the Forum on Literature and Arts in Yan’an’. The editor attacked, in the editorial, Hu’s thoughts on art as “the capitalist, bourgeoisie individualist literary thoughts.” In early 1953, Literary Journal published a series of essays by Lin Mohan and He Qifang criticizing Hu’s thoughts on art. The critique was republished on People’s Daily. In July 1954, Hu defended himself and submitted the ‘Report on Recent Years of Artistic Implementation’ (“Three Hundred Thousand Words Report” in short). On January 20, 1955, the Propaganda Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) submitted a report on the expanding the criticism against Hu’s thoughts. On January 26, the CPC approved the report from the Propaganda Bureau, and commented that, “Coated with Marxism in his long term anti-party and anti-people activities, Hu has cheated on writers and readers and, thus, must be thoroughly criticized.” Beginning in February of 1955, discussions and forums were organized among artistic groups and universities to criticize Hu Feng’s thoughts on art in different regions. People’s Daily, Literary Journal, Guangming Daily and other publications all published articles with regards to these activities. China’s Writer’s Association also held many events criticizing Hu’s Thoughts. On May 13, People’s Daily published an article of “Materials on Hu Feng’s Anti-party Crime”. The editor made the accusation that “Under Hu’s leadership, the anti-party and anti-people clique has been long opposing to, antagonizing and detesting the Communist Party and progressive writers.” Hu and the accused were labeled the “Anti-party clique”, and the nation sprung into the movement of condemning “Hu Feng’s Anti-Party Clique”. Thereafter, People’s Daily selectively published Hu’s correspondences after 1949 under the title of “Materials of Hu Feng’s Anti-Revolutionary Clique”. In addition, the third batch of materials was compiled into a book, and foreworded by Mao Zedong. The entire country was unfolded into struggles of exposing, criticizing and eliminating “Hu Feng’s Anti-Revolutionary Clique”. Over 2,100 people came into the picture. Among them, 92 were arrested, 62 were isolated for investigation and 73 were stripped of their office for reflections. On May 16, 1955, two days before a formal arrest warrant was issued by the National People’s Congress, Hu was arrested at his residence by the Public Security officers. He was sentenced to 14 years’ in prison by People’s Supreme Court of Beijing. At the end of December 1965, Hu was released from Qincheng prison. After the Spring Festival of that year, Hu left Beijing for Chengdu of Sichuan Province. When the Cultural Revolution broke out, Hu and his wife were sent to Miaoxi, in Lushan County, west of Chengdu, to receive remolding education through labor. In November 1967, Hu was imprisoned again. In January 1970, he was sentenced to life sentence, appeal disallowed, for the crime of “writing anti-revolutionary poems” and “writing anti-revolutionary poems on the portrait of Chairman Mao.” (In fact, the poems were written on the blank space of a newspaper). Hu was released from prison in 1978. In September 1980, after a re-investigation, the CPC concluded Hu’s case as “wronged case”. Hu became the Standing Committee Member of the Fifth and Sixth National Political Consultative Conference, the National Committee Member of Artists Federation, Advisor for China’s Writers Association and the Arts Research Institute of China, after rectification. On June 8,1985, Hu Feng passed away at the age of 83 due to illnesses. To further clarify this historical wronged case, the Administration Office of the CPC issued a formal announcement on, “Supplementary announcement to further rectify Hu Feng” on June 18, 1988. Hua Guofeng Hua was born in Jiaocheng County, Shanxi Province in 1921. In 1938, he joined the revolution. In October, Hua became a member of the Communist Party. He was appointed the guerilla army leader of the region, and actively fought in the Anti-Japanese Guerilla Wars behind the enemy lines. In 1940, He was appointed Director of Anti-Japanese Aggression Federation in Jiaocheng County, and later became the Party Secretary of Jiaocheng County. In 1945, after the victory of the Sino-Japanese War, Hua was appointed Political Commissar of Armed Brigade and Party Secretary of Quyang County. In the summer of 1949, Hua went on the southern expedition with the People’s Liberation Army, and took office as Party Secretary of Xingyin County, Huna